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Preface
Clinical Immunology and Serology: A Laboratory Perspective is designed
to meet the needs of medical laboratory science students on both the 2- and
4-year levels. It uniquely combines practical information about laboratory
testing with a discussion of the theory behind the testing and the diseases
for which the tests are used. For practicing laboratorians and other health
professionals, the book may serve as a valuable reference about new
developments in the field of immunology.
The fifth edition of Clinical Immunology and Serology: A Laboratory
Perspective is built on the success of the first four editions. The
organization of the chapters is based on the experience of many years of
teaching immunology to medical laboratory science students. The book is
divided into four major sections: I. Nature of the Immune System; II. Basic
Immunologic Procedures; III. Immune Disorders; and IV. Serological and
Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Disease. The sections build upon one
another, and the chapters relate previous material to new material by means
of boxes titled Connections and Clinical Correlations. These features help
the students recall information from previous chapters and bridge theory
with actual clinical diagnosis and testing. Information in the chapters is
related to real-world events to make it more interesting for the student and
to show the important role that immunology plays in people’s daily lives.
The Study Guide Tables at the end of most of the chapters can be used as
study tools by the students
Introduction to Immunity and the Immune System Christine Dorresteyn Stevens, EdD, MT(ASCP)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Discuss how immunology as a science began with the study of
immunity.
2. Describe what is meant by an attenuated vaccine.
3. Explain how the controversy over humoral versus cellular immunity
contributed to expanding knowledge in the field of immunology.
4. Contrast innate and adaptive immunity.
5. Describe the types of white blood cells (WBCs) capable of
phagocytosis.
6. Discuss the roles of macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells in
the immune system.
7. Identify the two primary lymphoid organs and discuss the main
functions of each.
8. List four secondary lymphoid organs and discuss their overall
importance to immunity.
9. Describe the function and architecture of a lymph node.
10. Compare a primary and a secondary follicle.
11. Define “cluster of differentiation” (CD).
12. Differentiate the roles of T cells and B cells in the immune response.
13. Discuss how natural killer (NK) cells differ from T lymphocytes.
Immunity and Immunization
Immunology as a science has its roots in the study of immunity: the
condition of being resistant to infection. The first recorded attempts to
deliberately induce immunity date back to the 15th century when people
living in China and Turkey inhaled powder made from smallpox scabs in
order to produce protection against this dreaded disease. The hypothesis
was that if a healthy individual was exposed as a child or a young adult, the
effects of the disease would be minimized. However, rather than providing
protection, the early exposure had a fatality rate of 30%. Further
refinements did not occur until the late 1700s when an English country
doctor by the name of Edward Jenner was able to successfully prevent
infection with smallpox by injecting a less harmful substance—cowpox—
from a disease affecting cows. Details of the development of this first
vaccine can be found
Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity
In the late 1800s, scientists began to identify the actual mechanisms that
produce immunity in a host. Élie Metchnikoff, a Russian scientist, observed
under a microscope that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish
larvae became surrounded by motile amoeboid-like cells that attempted to
destroy the penetrating objects. This process was later termed
phagocytosis, meaning “cells that eat cells.” He hypothesized that
immunity to disease was based on the action of these scavenger cells and
was a natural, or innate, host defense. He was eventually awarded a Nobel
Prize for his pioneering work
